Uncertainty in the Middle East is rooted in deep ideological divisions and competing visions of regional order. Israel has steadily expanded its military and political footprint, while Iran has positioned itself as a counterweight through asymmetric alliances and regional networks. The United States, Israel's long principal strategic partner, continues to provide diplomatic and security backing despite criticism of Israel's expansionist rhetoric associated with the idea of “Greater Israel.” At the same time, Washington maintains extensive strategic partnerships across the Gulf, shaping its broader regional posture.
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